Oil and Gas Collection: Oil and Gas Law, Oil and Gas for Beginners, Contract Law, Petroleum Energy Market, Deepwater Horizon Blowout, Environmental Management ... Energy Production by Johnathan Borg

Author:Johnathan Borg [Borg, Johnathan]
Language: eng
Format: azw3
Published: 2016-04-22T04:00:00+00:00

take appropriate steps to speedup grid infrastructure authorisation procedure, making sure efficient administrative procedure to coordinate approval of grid infrastructure;[758]

independent national authorities should set transparent and non-discriminative standards for grid maintenance and it safety requirements.

MS should ensure that TSOs and DSOs provide transparent and non-discriminatory access for RES-E producers. Additionally, under RED, MS have to provide guaranteed or priority access to RES-E producers, in contrast to ‘may provide’ as in the preceding directive.[759] Also, grid infrastructure has to be improved to ensure greater access for RES-E producers.[760]

With regards to providing information to RES-E providers, TSOs and DSOs have to make sure that it is provided in a more comprehensive way, including details on connection costs, precise schedules for processing connection requests and proposed grid connection.[761]

Compared to 2001/77/EC directive, where enforcement was the main weakness of the directive, under the RED, MS must bring national laws in line with principles and policies set out in the RED.[762] Enforcement issues are addressed through the indicative trajectories, which are set individually, based on every MS personalised final gross RES consumption by 2020.[763] Additionally, to show progress in attainment of RES-E targets, which are set in accordance with the directive aims, MS have to adopt NREAP, setting national goals for the share of the RES-E, which has to be achieved by 2020.[764] First NREAP has to be submitted by 30 June 2010,[765] followed by updates every two years, ensuring integration of new RES- E producers.[766]

In case of non-compliance, infringement actions are to be taken to impose obligations under the directive. For instance, on 24th January 2013, actions were taken against Latvia and the Netherlands for failing to inform the Commission about the transposition of the Directive.[767] However, taking into account infringement procedures, which were taken to address MS non-compliance with 20/77/ES directive, it becomes questionable if the procedures will be efficient enough to address non-compliance with the directive.

Under the RED, notable progress in the deployment of RES-E has been recognised, its overall share in the EU increased from slightly less than 15% in 2001 to 23.5% in 2012.[768] Although the majority of MS were able to increase their RES-E shares, only 12 MS met their NREAP targets in RES-E. Also, even though not many of MS had acknowledged main grid access barriers in their NREAP, still they have adopted effective measures to minimise these issues.[769]

Connection stage to be considered as the greatest barrier in RES-E integration. According to recent statistics, only Germany and Denmark provide positive conditions for RES-E producers to access the grid, other MS provide neutral or negative connection processes.[770] Despite the imposed measures, all MS currently experience a range of problems in respect of accessing the grid, including: long lead time, lack of grid capacity, non-shallow costs and communication problems.[771] For instance, while favourable access conditions provoked a rapid increase of RES-E producers in such countries as Germany and Denmark, transmission grid non-expansion decreased grid access, thus leading to RES-E market integration decline.[772]

Another barrier is grid connection costs, which are not properly addressed under RED.

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